Authoritative Citations for General Surgery Procedures

Removal of hemorrhoids (Hemorrhoidectomy):

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Leading US medical center explaining hemorrhoid surgery, technique, and recovery.
  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemorrhoids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360280

• NIH Reference: Peer-reviewed NIH resource detailing hemorrhoid disease and surgical management.
  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/

Anal fissure surgery:

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Surgery for anal fissures, including sphincterotomy and management.
  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anal-fissure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351419

• NIH Reference: In-depth review of anal fissure surgery techniques.
  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448177/

Appendectomy (Removal of the appendix):

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Indications, technique, and recovery from appendectomy.
  Appendicitis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic https://share.google/oi39nRv2UTY3ev81X

• MedlinePlus/NIH Reference: Everything about appendicitis and surgical treatment.
  Appendectomy https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/treating-appendicitis.html

Reference:

lap cholecystectomy Mayo Clinic Reference: The Mayo Clinic is an internationally recognized medical center in the USA offering expert guidance and patient

information on laparoscopy, covering indications, benefits, and risks.https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cholecystectomy/multimedia/laparoscopic-cholecystectomy/img-20006979

• National Institutes of Health (NIH) Reference: The NIH’s MedlinePlus and clinical publications include detailed, peer-reviewed information about procedures, recovery, and outcomes for laparoscopy.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5529719/ft

citations for Laparoscopic surgeries

Authoritative Citations for Cosmetic Surgery Procedures

Liposuction

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic's liposuction overview describes indications, safety, and results for body contouring.

  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/liposuction/about/pac-20384586

• NIH Reference: (The link you provided is a valid peer-reviewed article from the NIH's PubMed Central archive.)

  • https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5681335/

Rhinoplasty

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic covers rhinoplasty for improvement in function and appearance, including consultation and procedure details.

  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/rhinoplasty/about/pac-20384532

• American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) Reference: ASPS offers detailed information on nose reshaping procedures, recovery, and expected results.

  • https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/rhinoplasty

• NIH Reference: (The link you provided is a valid clinical overview from the NIH's NCBI Bookshelf.)

  • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558970/

Gender Affirmation Surgery

The NIH (via PubMed Central) hosts many articles on this topic. The link you provided is a valid 2017 review article. As an update, I am also including the link to the Standards of Care Version 8 (SOC8) from WPATH, which is the foundational clinical guideline referenced by major medical institutions, including the NIH.

• NIH Reference (Surgical Management Review): The link you provided, which details surgical procedures for gender affirmation.

  • https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5505859/

• Updated Foundational Guideline (WPATH SOC8): The globally recognized clinical standards for the health of transgender and gender-diverse people, published in 2022 and hosted by the NIH.

  • https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9553112/

Authoritative Citations for Gynecology Procedures

Hysteroscopy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Reference: ACOG overview of colposcopy, its importance, clinical process, and follow-

https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/colposcopy

Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic's guide to hysteroscopy for uterine evaluation and treatment.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/multimedia/hysteroscopy/img-20007965

NIH Reference: NIH clinical chapter on hysteroscopy explains indications, procedure steps, and risks.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564345/

Hysterectomy (Uterus Removal)

Mayo Clinic Reference: Detailed explanation of laparoscopic/open hysterectomy techniques, risks, and postoperative care.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/abdominal-hysterectomy/about/pac-20384559(open)Clevelandclinic refhttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/procedures/hysterectomy

NIH Reference: NIH surgical chapter on hysterectomy for cancer, fibroids, and other indications.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525761/

Authoritative Citations for Ophthalmology/eye surgeon's Procedures

Cataract surgery

1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cataract-surgery/about/pac-20384765?hl=en-US

2. https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts/cataract-surgery?hl=en-US

3. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts?hl=en-US

4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559253/?hl=en-US

   • Lacrimal Sac Surgery / DCR (Dacryocystorhinostomy)

   • mayo clinic ref .https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blocked-tear-duct/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351375

     NIH Reference: NIH’s peer-reviewed chapter on DCR and lacrimal sac surgery covers indications and outcomes.

     https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557851/

   Glaucoma

   • Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic provides up-to-date info about glaucoma diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.

     https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372846

   • AAO Reference: AAO offers expert articles addressing all aspects of glaucoma and patient care.

     https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-glaucoma#:~:text=During%20a%20glaucoma%20exam%2C%20your,a%20stinging%20or%20itching%20sensation

Authoritative Citations for Orthopedic

1. Knee Replacement Surgery

   • Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic’s comprehensive guide outlines indications, technique, risks, and recovery for knee replacement.

     https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/knee-replacement/about/pac-20385276

   • National Institutes of Health (NIH) Reference: NIH overview of knee replacement for osteoarthritis and trauma, covering best practices and outcomes.

     https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538208/

   Hip Surgery (Hip Replacement and Other Procedures)

   • MedlinePlus ref https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002975.htm

     Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic’s expert guide covers hip replacement indications, approach, and recovery.

     https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/hip-replacement/about/pac-20385042

   Spine Surgery Solutions

   • Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic offers comprehensive information on spine surgery options for spinal disorders, pain, and mobility improvement.

     https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/services-and-treatments/spine-carehttps://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/spinal-fusion/about/pac-20384523

     NIH Reference: NIH textbook chapter details spine surgery, including fusion, indications, and patient selection.

     https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11998041/

Authoritative Citations for Dermatology Treatments

Chemical Peel

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic describes chemical peel techniques, indications, benefits, and safety. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/chemical-peel/about/pac-20393473

• American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) Reference: ASPS covers chemical peel procedures, expected results, and patient education. https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/chemical-peel

Dermal Fillers / Hyaluronic Acid Fillers

• American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) Reference: ASPS guides patients and professionals on dermal filler indications, benefits, and care. https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/dermal-fillers

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic covers types of fillers (as Facial Fillers), safety, and aftercare. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/facial-fillers/about/pac-20394072

Botox

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic’s Botox page reviews medical and cosmetic indications and how the procedure is performed. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/botox/about/pac-20384658

• American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) Reference: In-depth patient guide on Botox (Botulinum Toxin) techniques, safety, and uses. https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/botulinum-toxin

Microdermabrasion

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic on dermabrasion/microdermabrasion procedure, effectiveness, risks, and aftercare. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/dermabrasion/about/pac-20393764

• American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) Reference: ASPS covers benefits, preparation, and patient guidance for microdermabrasion. https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/microdermabrasion

Laser Therapy / Laser Hair Removal

Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic covers laser hair removal mechanisms, risks, and recovery. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/laser-hair-r

removal/about/pac-20394555

• American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) Reference: ASPS provides standards on laser hair removal, cosmetic indications, and safety. https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/laser-hair-removal

Microneedling

National Institutes of Health (NIH) Reference: NIH (StatPearls) clinical chapter on microneedling technique and therapeutic uses. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459344/

Cleveland Clinic Reference: Provides a patient-friendly overview of microneedling, including procedure details, risks, benefits, and recovery. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/23113-microneedling

Cosmetic Mole Removal

American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) Reference: AAD's guidance on mole diagnosis and treatment, including removal. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/moles-treatment

MSD Manual Reference: Provides information on moles, including appearance and when removal might be considered. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/noncancerous-skin-growths/moles

Tattoo Removal

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic's guide covers techniques, safety, and efficacy of tattoo removal. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/tattoo-removal/about/pac-20395105

• American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) Reference: AAD covers laser tattoo removal procedures and safety. https://www.aad.org/public/cosmetic/hair-removal/laser-tattoo-removal

Hair Transplantation

• NHS (UK National Health Service) Reference: Offers information on hair transplants, including what to consider, the procedure, recovery, and potential risks. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cosmetic-procedures/hair-transplant/
  

Authoritative Citations for Cardiology Procedures

1. Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

• Mayo Clinic Reference: An overview of what to expect, the risks, and how to prepare for an ECG. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ekg/about/pac-20384983

• American Heart Association (AHA) Reference: A patient-focused explanation of how an ECG is used to diagnose a heart attack. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/electrocardiogram-ecg-or-ekg

2. Echocardiogram (Echo)

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Details on the different types of echocardiograms (like TTE and TEE) and what they diagnose. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/echocardiogram/about/pac-20393856

• AHA Reference: An explanation of how an echocardiogram assesses heart function and its role in heart failure diagnosis. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-failure/diagnosing-heart-failure

3. Cardiac Catheterization

• Mayo Clinic Reference: A comprehensive guide covering the procedure, its purpose (diagnostic and treatment), and recovery. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cardiac-catheterization/about/pac-20384695

• American College of Cardiology (ACC) Reference: Professional standards and information on cardiac catheterization from a clinical perspective. https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2021/07/29/17/05/SCAI-Expert-Consensus-Update-Cardiac-Catheterization-Laboratory

4. Coronary Angiography

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Explains how angiography is used to visualize heart arteries, often in conjunction with cardiac catheterization. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-angiogram/about/pac-20384904

• AHA Reference: Discusses the role of angiography (as part of cardiac catheterization) in diagnosing and making treatment decisions. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/cardiac-catheterization

5. Stress Test

• Mayo Clinic Reference: A patient guide covering the different types of stress tests (exercise, nuclear) and their purpose. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/stress-test/about/pac-20385234

• AHA Reference: An explanation of how stress tests help evaluate heart function, risk, and the safety of exercise. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/exercise-stress-test

6. Coronary Angioplasty / Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Covers the use of angioplasty and stents to open blocked arteries, including risks and recovery. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/angioplasty/about/pac-20384761

• AHA Reference: Explains angioplasty and stenting as treatments for a heart attack (listed under "Cardiac Procedures"). https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/treatment-of-a-heart-attack/cardiac-procedures-and-surgeries

7. Heart Valve Surgery

• Mayo Clinic Reference: An expert guide discussing the indications for valve surgery, repair vs. replacement, and aftercare. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/heart-valve-surgery/about/pac-20384901

• AHA Reference: Patient information on heart valve disease and the various treatment options, including surgery. https"//www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/understanding-your-heart-valve-treatment-options

8. Pacemaker Implantation

• Mayo Clinic Reference: A guide to why pacemakers are needed, how they are implanted, and safety precautions. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/pacemaker/about/pac-20384689

• AHA Reference: Patient-focused information on how pacemakers work to treat arrhythmias. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/prevention--treatment-of-arrhythmia/pacemaker

9. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)

• Mayo Clinic Reference: A detailed look at the CABG procedure, including why it's done, risks, and long-term outcomes. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-bypass-surgery/about/pac-20384589

• National Institutes of Health (NIH) Reference: A clinical resource from StatPearls discussing the indications, contraindications, and technique for CABG. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507836/

10. Thrombolytic Therapy

• National Institutes of Health (NIH) Reference: A clinical chapter from StatPearls on the use of thrombolytic (clot-busting) medications. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557411/

• AHA Reference: An explanation of thrombolytic therapy ("clot busters") as an emergency treatment for heart attacks. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/treatment-of-a-heart-attack

Authoritative Citations for Pulmonology:-

Common Pulmonary Symptoms

• Symptom: Chronic Cough

  • Reference: Mayo Clinic

  • Hyperlink: Chronic cough - Symptoms and causes

• Symptom: Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)

  • Reference: Mayo Clinic

  • Hyperlink: Shortness of breath - Symptoms and causes

• Symptom: Wheezing

  • Reference: American Lung Association

  • Hyperlink: Wheezing: Sounds, Causes and Treatment

• Symptom: Coughing up Blood (Hemoptysis)

  • Reference: National Institutes of Health (NIH)

  • Hyperlink: Pulmonary Hemorrhage (Hemoptysis)

• Symptom: Excessive Mucus Production (Phlegm)

  • Reference: American Lung Association (related to Bronchitis)

  • Hyperlink: Learn About Chronic Bronchitis

🫁 Common Pulmonary Diseases

• Disease: Asthma

  • Reference: World Health Organization (WHO)

  • Hyperlink: Asthma

• Disease: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  • Reference: World Health Organization (WHO)

  • Hyperlink: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

• Disease: Chronic Respiratory Diseases (General)

  • Reference: World Health Organization (WHO)

  • Hyperlink: Noncommunicable diseases (This is the WHO's main fact sheet that now covers chronic respiratory diseases).

• Disease: Pneumonia

  • Reference: American Lung Association

  • Hyperlink: Learn About Pneumonia

• Disease: Tuberculosis (TB)

  • Reference: World Health Organization (WHO)

  • Hyperlink: Tuberculosis

• Disease: Lung Cancer

  • Reference: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

  • Hyperlink: What Is Lung Cancer?

• Disease: Pulmonary Embolism

  • Reference: National Institutes of Health (NIH)

  • Hyperlink: Pulmonary Embolism - Health Topics

• Disease: Pulmonary Fibrosis

  • Reference: Mayo Clinic

  • Hyperlink: Pulmonary fibrosis - Symptoms and causes

📑 Gastroenterology: Symptoms and Procedures with Professional Citations (List Format)

A. Common Gastrointestinal Symptoms

1. Abdominal Pain

   • Source 1 (Mayo Clinic): Abdominal pain: Causes

   • Source 2 (NIH - NIDDK): Symptoms & Causes of Celiac Disease (Includes abdominal pain)

   • Source 3 (WGO): Global Guideline: Abdominal Pain

2. Nausea and Vomiting

   • Source 1 (NIH - NCBI): Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (Nausea and Vomiting Chapter)

   • Source 2 (Mayo Clinic): Nausea and Vomiting

   • Source 3 (WGO): Global Guideline: Acute Vomiting in Adults

3. Changes in Bowel Habits

   • Source 1 (Mayo Clinic): Constipation: Symptoms and causes

   • Source 2 (NIH - NIDDK): Irritable Bowel Syndrome

   • Source 3 (WGO): Global Guideline: Acute Diarrhea

4. Heartburn/Reflux

   • Source 1 (Mayo Clinic): Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

   • Source 2 (NIH - NIDDK): Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults

   • Source 3:

     $$Source removed per user request$$

5. Acidity (Gastritis)

   • Source 1 (Mayo Clinic): Gastritis: Symptoms and causes

   • Source 2 (NIH - NIDDK): Gastritis

   • Source 3 (WGO): Global Guideline: Helicobacter pylori

6. Difficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia)

   • Source 1 (Mayo Clinic): Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

   • Source 2 (NIH - NIDDK): Esophageal Disorders

   • Source 3 (WGO): Global Guideline: Dysphagia

7. Unexplained Weight Loss

   • Source 1 (Mayo Clinic): Unexplained weight loss

   • Source 2 (NIH - NIDDK): Symptoms & Causes of Crohn's Disease (Includes weight loss)

   • Source 3 (ACS): Unexplained Weight Loss as a Symptom of Cancer (American Cancer Society)

8. Indigestion (Dyspepsia)

   • Source 1 (NIH - NIDDK): Indigestion (Dyspepsia): Symptoms & Causes

   • Source 2 (Mayo Clinic): Indigestion (Dyspepsia)

   • Source 3 (WGO): Global Guideline: Functional Dyspepsia

9. Anemia (Related to GI Bleeding/Malabsorption)

   • Source 1 (NIH - NIDDK): Symptoms & Causes of GI Bleeding

   • Source 2 (ACG): Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia (ACG Guideline)

   • Source 3 (WGO): Global Guideline: Celiac Disease (Associated with iron deficiency)

10. Jaundice

    • Source 1 (Mayo Clinic): Alcoholic hepatitis (Jaundice)

    • Source 2 (NIH - NIDDK): Liver Cirrhosis (Common cause of Jaundice)

    • Source 3 (WHO): Hepatitis B and C Fact Sheets (Key causes of liver damage and Jaundice)

B. Common Gastroenterology Procedures

1. Endoscopy (Upper GI)

   • Source 1 (Mayo Clinic): Upper Endoscopy

   • Source 2 (NIH - NIDDK): Upper GI Endoscopy

   • Source 3 (ACG): Clinical Guidelines for Upper GI Endoscopy

2. Sigmoidoscopy

   • Source 1 (Mayo Clinic): Flexible sigmoidoscopy

   • Source 2 (NIH - NIDDK): Flexible Sigmoidoscopy

   • Source 3 (USPSTF): Screening for Colorectal Cancer (Includes flexible sigmoidoscopy)

3. Colonoscopy

   • Source 1 (NIH - NIDDK): Colonoscopy

   • Source 2 (Mayo Clinic): Colonoscopy (Updated Link)

   • Source 3 (ACS): Colorectal Cancer Screening: Colonoscopy (American Cancer Society)

4. ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)

   • Source 1 (NIH - NIDDK): ERCP

   • Source 2 (Mayo Clinic): ERCP

   • Source 3 (ASGE): ERCP for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases (ASGE Guideline)

5. Fibroscan (Transient Elastography)

   • Source 1 (NIH - MedlinePlus): Elastography (Transient Elastography/Fibroscan)

   • Source 2 (EASL): Clinical Practice Guidelines on Non-Invasive Tests for Evaluation of Liver Disease (European Association for the Study of the Liver)

   • Source 3 (AASLD): Noninvasive Markers of Liver Fibrosis in Adults (American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases)

6. EUS (Endoscopic Ultrasound)

   • Source 1 (Mayo Clinic): Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

   • Source 2 (NIH - NCBI): Endoscopic Ultrasound in Clinical Practice

   • Source 3 (ASGE): Endoscopic Ultrasound (Updated Link)

7. Capsular Endoscopy

   • Source 1 (Mayo Clinic): Capsule endoscopy

   • Source 2 (NIH - NCBI): Wireless capsule endoscopy: a comprehensive review

   • Source 3 (ASGE): Capsule Endoscopy for the Small Bowel

Authoritative Citations for Neurology-

Headache & Migraine

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Comprehensive overview of types, causes, and treatment for headache and migraine.

• NIH Reference: Peer-reviewed chapter on headache and migraine etiology and therapies.

• World Health Organization (WHO) Reference: WHO fact sheet on global burden, prevention, and management of headache disorders.

Seizures & Epilepsy

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Guide on seizure types, causes, diagnostics, and epilepsy management.

• NIH Reference: NIH chapter on epilepsy diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.

• WHO Reference: WHO insights on the burden, diagnosis, and treatment of epilepsy worldwide.

Stroke Symptoms (Weakness, Paralysis, Speech issues)

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic covers warning signs, urgent response, and recovery for stroke.

• NIH Reference: NIH’s peer-reviewed text on acute stroke management.

• WHO Reference: WHO global guidance on stroke, prevention, acute treatment, and rehab.

Dementia & Memory Loss

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Information on Alzheimer’s and other dementia forms, symptoms, and support.

• NIH Reference: NIH textbook chapters on evaluation, management, and support for dementia.

• WHO Reference: WHO global fact sheet on dementia, causes, and management standards.

Parkinson’s Disease (Tremor, Stiffness, Movement Disorders)

• Mayo Clinic Reference: In-depth guide to signs, symptoms, and management of Parkinson’s Disease.

• NIH Reference: NIH clinical protocols and chapters for movement disorders including Parkinsonism.

• WHO Reference: WHO global resources for Parkinson’s disease diagnosis and management.

Neuropathy (Numbness, Tingling, Burning Sensations)

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Key facts about peripheral neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and evaluation.

• NIH Reference: Clinical chapter on peripheral neuropathy and management advice.

• WHO Reference: WHO standards and guides for neuropathy prevention, treatment, and global burden.

Multiple Sclerosis

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Mayo Clinic's overview of causes, symptoms, and therapies for multiple sclerosis.

• NIH Reference: NIH clinical chapters on diagnostic criteria and therapy for MS.

• WHO Reference: WHO's global standards for multiple sclerosis care and patient support.

Vertigo & Balance Disorders

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Clinical explanation and management options for vertigo and dizziness syndromes.

• NIH Reference: Peer-reviewed evaluation of balance problems, vestibular disease, and treatment.

• WHO Reference: WHO neurological symptom evaluation standards for balance and dizziness.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) – Procedure

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Patient and clinician resource on indications, procedure, and result interpretation of EEG.

• NIH Reference: NIH chapter covering technical details and guidance for EEG testing.

• WHO Reference: WHO global guidelines for diagnostic neurophysiological tests in epilepsy and other brain disorders.

Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) / Electromyography (EMG) – Procedure

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Overview of nerve conduction and EMG for diagnosing nerve and muscle diseases.

• NIH Reference: Technical details and clinician guidance for NCS/EMG.

• WHO Reference: WHO standards for using neurophysiological technologies in diagnosis.

Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap) – Procedure

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Reasons for lumbar puncture, how it’s performed, and patient guidance.

• NIH Reference: NIH technical clinical chapter for spinal tap and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.

• WHO Reference: WHO recommendations for neurological disease diagnosis by CSF analysis and procedure safety.

Authoritative Citations related with General physician-

1. Fever

   • Mayo Clinic Reference: Comprehensive overview, causes, management, when to seek medical care.
     https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/fever/basics/definition/sym-20050997

2. Cough and Cold

   • Mayo Clinic Reference: Causes, symptoms, remedies, and when to consult a doctor.
     https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/symptoms-causes/syc-20351605

3. Sore Throat

   • Mayo Clinic Reference: Causes, diagnosis, when to see a doctor.
     https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635

     4.Fatigue & Weakness

   • Mayo Clinic Reference: Overview, causes, and evaluation.
     https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/fatigue/basics/definition/sym-20050894

4. Allergies (Rhinitis, Food, Skin)

   • Mayo Clinic Reference: Symptoms, triggers, diagnosis, management.
     https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/allergies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351497

5. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

   • Mayo Clinic Reference: Causes, management, and risks.
     https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373410

   • NIH Reference: Diagnosis and follow-up care.
     https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539859/

   • WHO Reference: Hypertension prevention and management.
     https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

6. Diabetes (Type 2)

   • Mayo Clinic Reference: Causes, diagnosis, management.
     https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193

   • NIH Reference: Diagnosis, complications, patient education.
     https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279119/

   • WHO Reference: Diabetes prevention/complication standards.
     https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

7. Abdominal Pain

   • Mayo Clinic Reference: Causes, diagnosis, management.
     https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/abdominal-pain/basics/definition/sym-20050728

8. Palpitations (Irregular Heartbeat Sensations)

   • WHO Reference: Arrhythmia management and assessment.
     https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases

9. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

   • Mayo Clinic Reference: Symptoms, prevention, care for UTI.
     https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353447

   • NIH Reference: Diagnosis and management chapters for UTI.
     https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558921/

10. Weight Gain / Obesity

    • Mayo Clinic Reference: Causes, risks, overview.
      https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

    • WHO Reference: Obesity factsheet and prevention standards.
      https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

11. Depression & Anxiety (Mental Health)

    • Mayo Clinic Reference: Common mental health symptoms, diagnosis, management.
      https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

    • WHO Reference: Mental health standards and resources.
      https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response