Authoritative Citations for Cardiology Procedures

1. Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

• Mayo Clinic Reference: An overview of what to expect, the risks, and how to prepare for an ECG. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ekg/about/pac-20384983

• American Heart Association (AHA) Reference: A patient-focused explanation of how an ECG is used to diagnose a heart attack. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/electrocardiogram-ecg-or-ekg

2. Echocardiogram (Echo)

Mayo Clinic Reference: Details on the different types of echocardiograms (like TTE and TEE) and what they diagnose. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/echocardiogram/about/pac-20393856

AHA Reference: An explanation of how an echocardiogram assesses heart function and its role in heart failure diagnosis. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-failure/diagnosing-heart-failure

3. Cardiac Catheterization

• Mayo Clinic Reference: A comprehensive guide covering the procedure, its purpose (diagnostic and treatment), and recovery. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cardiac-catheterization/about/pac-20384695

• American College of Cardiology (ACC) Reference: Professional standards and information on cardiac catheterization from a clinical perspective. https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2021/07/29/17/05/SCAI-Expert-Consensus-Update-Cardiac-Catheterization-Laboratory

4. Coronary Angiography

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Explains how angiography is used to visualize heart arteries, often in conjunction with cardiac catheterization. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-angiogram/about/pac-20384904

• AHA Reference: Discusses the role of angiography (as part of cardiac catheterization) in diagnosing and making treatment decisions. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/cardiac-catheterization

5. Stress Test

Mayo Clinic Reference: A patient guide covering the different types of stress tests (exercise, nuclear) and their purpose. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/stress-test/about/pac-20385234

AHA Reference: An explanation of how stress tests help evaluate heart function, risk, and the safety of exercise. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/exercise-stress-test

6. Coronary Angioplasty / Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)

• Mayo Clinic Reference: Covers the use of angioplasty and stents to open blocked arteries, including risks and recovery. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/angioplasty/about/pac-20384761

• AHA Reference: Explains angioplasty and stenting as treatments for a heart attack (listed under "Cardiac Procedures"). https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/treatment-of-a-heart-attack/cardiac-procedures-and-surgeries

7. Heart Valve Surgery

• Mayo Clinic Reference: An expert guide discussing the indications for valve surgery, repair vs. replacement, and aftercare. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/heart-valve-surgery/about/pac-20384901

• AHA Reference: Patient information on heart valve disease and the various treatment options, including surgery. https"//www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/understanding-your-heart-valve-treatment-options

8. Pacemaker Implantation

• Mayo Clinic Reference: A guide to why pacemakers are needed, how they are implanted, and safety precautions. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/pacemaker/about/pac-20384689

• AHA Reference: Patient-focused information on how pacemakers work to treat arrhythmias. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/prevention--treatment-of-arrhythmia/pacemaker

9. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)

Mayo Clinic Reference: A detailed look at the CABG procedure, including why it's done, risks, and long-term outcomes. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-bypass-surgery/about/pac-20384589

• National Institutes of Health (NIH) Reference: A clinical resource from StatPearls discussing the indications, contraindications, and technique for CABG. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507836/

10. Thrombolytic Therapy

• National Institutes of Health (NIH) Reference: A clinical chapter from StatPearls on the use of thrombolytic (clot-busting) medications. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557411/

• AHA Reference: An explanation of thrombolytic therapy ("clot busters") as an emergency treatment for heart attacks. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/treatment-of-a-heart-attack